320,000
Sampled estimates
32 comparison series × 10,000 portfolios. Each was evaluated against the same 4,096 independent, uniform draws. These distributions are Monte Carlo estimates.
Research case 03 · 16 October 2026
Lotto Lab — An exploration of combinatorial coverage, controlled simulation, and the limits of prediction.
Can the same 25 games cover more possible outcomes simply by overlapping differently?
A mathematical study under a uniform 6/45 draw model. No next-draw predictions, ticket recommendations or sales.
Explore the findingsThe question
Each game chooses six numbers from 45. A portfolio here means 25 distinct games, held fixed while possible draws are evaluated. We measure the chance that at least one game matches three or more of the six main numbers in a single draw.
Different portfolios can cover different unions of outcomes. More coverage can mean fewer occasions with no low-tier hit, while changing how often several games win together. It does not make any individual game more likely to match.
One denominator · equally likely main-number draws
C(45, 6) = 8,145,060
Coverage = number of draws with at least one qualifying game ÷ 8,145,060.
The main-number event includes fifth prize or better; the bonus number does not change whether a game reaches this 3+ threshold.
Evidence map
320,000
32 comparison series × 10,000 portfolios. Each was evaluated against the same 4,096 independent, uniform draws. These distributions are Monte Carlo estimates.
10,000
P003-linear-1.1 outputs, calculated by validated inclusion–exclusion under a pairwise-overlap condition. The generated outputs are still a sample of the generator's possibilities.
Full enumeration is a separate cross-check: 116 named selected and coverage-curve configurations from the comparison study each used all 8,145,060 draws. That 116 already includes the curve configurations. P003's analytic formula also had separate enumeration checks; it was not a full draw sweep repeated for all 10,000 outputs.
Finding 01 · P003-linear-1.1
Each of the 10,000 generated portfolios has an exact 3+ coverage value. The statistics below summarize those 10,000 values. They are not a 51% chance for one ticket, a future win rate or an exact distribution over every output the generator could produce.
3.48371% is the chance that at least one of the 25 games matches four or more main numbers. Every one of the 10,000 P003-linear-1.1 portfolios has this same exact value, so its sample mean, median, minimum and maximum coincide.
Why constant? Any two games share at most one number. Two 4+ hits cannot fit in a six-number draw because 4 + 4 − 1 > 6. Their hit events are disjoint, giving exactly 25 × 11,350 / 8,145,060.
Finding 02 · Earlier fixed examples
Each row below is one fixed set of 25 games, evaluated over all 8,145,060 main-number draws. This is an illustration of structural differences, not a ranking of generator populations.
The random example is one fixed portfolio, not the average of automatic purchases. The earlier P001/P002 examples and the P003-linear-1.1 sample above have different scopes and should not be combined into one population comparison.
What changes — and what does not
Changing how 25 games overlap changes the chance of any hit and the distribution of simultaneous hits. Under the uniform draw model, it does not increase the expected number of winning games at a fixed match threshold.
Expectation adds across games even when their outcomes are dependent. Consequently, the expected fixed fourth- and fifth-prize payouts do not improve merely by changing their overlap structure. This study demonstrates no improved expected financial return, predictable advantage or guaranteed winnings.
The mathematics
Let Aᵢ be the set of draws where game i matches at least three main numbers. We want P(A₁ ∪ … ∪ A₂₅). Inclusion–exclusion starts by adding individual hit regions, subtracts pairwise overlaps, adds triple overlaps, and continues with alternating signs.
P(any hit) ≤ Σ P(Aᵢ)
The simple union bound is about 59.5852% for 25 games at the 3+ threshold. It requires no independence assumption. It is a ceiling, not an achievable guarantee or proof of an optimum.
The observed 51.1096% maximum proves that one tested construction reaches that coverage. It does not prove that no other 25-game portfolio can do better. The global optimum is unproven; no global 53% optimum is established.
Read further
Monte Carlo counts qualifying draws in a finite random sample and divides by the sample size. The 320,000 comparison portfolios share 4,096 evaluation draws, which supports paired comparison but adds common finite-sample uncertainty. A reported standard error across generated portfolios alone does not include all of that uncertainty.
Exact enumeration visits every main-number combination. Exact inclusion–exclusion instead computes the same count analytically when its preconditions hold. It is not an estimate just because it avoids visiting every draw.
The 116 named fixed configurations include MC-selected best, representative and worst examples, plus coverage curves. A sample-selected “best” is not certified as the exact best among every generated portfolio. Separate P003 formula validation covered 22 named entries representing 20 unique portfolios, with agreement of integer counts and an additional seed check.
P003-linear-1.1 requires every pair of games to share at most one number. For n games, the recorded exact 3+ count is:
n × 194,130 − 400n₀ − 3,700n₁ + 64T − Q
Here n₀ counts disjoint pairs, n₁ pairs sharing one number, T triangles with three distinct pair-intersection numbers, and Q four-game groups with six distinct pair-intersection numbers. Divide by 8,145,060 for probability. This formula is not valid for arbitrary overlapping portfolios.
Within this restricted family, inclusion–exclusion ends at four games: five pairwise-linear triples cannot fit on six drawn numbers. The separate family-specific upper bound is not a bound for arbitrary portfolios, and its attainability is not established.
For a single game, P(exactly k main matches) = C(6,k) × C(39,6−k) / C(45,6). Every fixed game has that same marginal probability. For 25 games, E[number with k matches] = 25 × P(exactly k matches), whether or not the games overlap.
The prior four fixed examples all have expected counts of approximately 0.5610148974 games with exactly three matches and 0.0341157708 games with exactly four. Multiplying these expectations by fixed tier payouts preserves the same expected subtotal. A subtotal is not total winnings, net profit or an investment return.
This public account was checked against the retained structure-study summary, calculation-method record, candidate-scope inventory, final distribution and final verification, plus the earlier prize-study exact results. A separate read-only review checked the numerical interpretation. No new research runs were performed for this page.
The retained local evidence records fixed seeds, versioned methods and exact-count comparisons. This is an internally audited engineering case, not peer-reviewed research or independent public reproduction. Raw portfolios, purchased numbers, operational databases and source code are not released here; any release needs a separate publication review.
All claims concern the declared uniform 6/45 model and the recorded experiments. The 10,000 P003 outputs sample one construction family; they are not 10,000 independent model classes, nor proof that every output is structurally unique.
Trying many candidate structures creates a selection problem: the best sampled score can reflect sampling noise as well as design. A shared Monte Carlo sample supports comparison but does not remove this multiple-comparison effect. Exact checking applies only to the stated portfolios; it does not establish a global optimum or predict future draws. This workflow is a methodological summary, not a claim that a multi-model debate produced the results.
Questions, corrections, reproduction reports and civil criticism are welcome. Feedback is reviewed separately from the systems described here.
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